Citation:
Scott, V., Hamdan, A., & Salari, F. (2015, August 13). Doctors express concern over rising antibiotics resistance in Qatar. Doha News. https://www.dohanews.co/doctors-express-concern-over-rising-antibiotics-resistance-in-qatar/.
Summary:
This news article mentions that Prescribing antibiotics unnecessarily or giving them to patients who fail to complete a course can cause some bacteria to become resistant to the medicines all together. Qatar has established an Antimicrobial Stewardship Program to help ensure the drugs are only prescribed where clinically necessary.
Analysis:
Doha News has been a dependable source of information in and around Qatar since 2009, covering breaking news, politics, business, culture, and more. In this news story, Dr. Al-Soub is referenced in relation to antibiotic resistance and the alarm about how rapidly it is spreading. The fact that Dr. Al-Soub is a senior consultant at HMC's (Hamad Medical Corp) Infectious Diseases Unit, according to Doha news, proves his trustworthiness. That is how the ethos of Doha news is expressed. ' Pharmacies selling antibiotics and other prescriptions without a prescription have been temporarily shut down by Qatari authorities. This line refers the reader to another website to establish the content's accuracy.In addition, Doha News reports on how HMC (Hamad Medical Corp) is managing the situation under the new overseas section. 'The entity has also developed an Antimicrobial Stewardship Program to ensure the medications are only provided where clinically necessary,' according to the statement, which is the course of action they intend to take. The news item does, however, include new research that revealed the program's efficacy was being hampered by a shortage of infectious disease specialists and sufficient training of healthcare personnel in the nation.
Citation:
Hyun, D. (2017, June 30). Why Doctors Prescribe Antibiotics—Even When They Shouldn't. The Pew Charitable Trusts. Retrieved March 28, 2022, from https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/articles/2017/06/30/why-doctors-prescribe-antibiotics-even-when-they-shouldnt
Summary:
This article talks about how Busy doctors may be more likely to over-prescribe antibiotics because they are overwhelmed by the number of patients they are seeing. Some researchers have already started integrating behavioral science techniques into antibiotic stewardship strategies. Physicians are influenced by several factors like pressure , Time, and diagnosing symptoms , including their interactions with patients and the uncertainties surrounding medical decision-making.
Analysis:
The Pew-trusts organization is a well-known site(i-charitable -in the us), with over 30 thousand Facebook fans and a 4.3-star rating. Between 1948 and 1979, two sons and two daughters of Sun Oil Company founder Joseph N. Pew and his wife, Mary Anderson Pew, founded the Pew-Trust organization. This information was gathered from the web site's mission and values section, making it a reliable source of information. This article uses logos(the article relise on ststics on why antibiotic ..) to show how many doctors are overprescribing antibiotics to patients by including research from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and The Pew Charitable Trusts, which states that 'nearly 1 in 3 antibiotics prescribed at outpatient facilities—including physician's offices, emergency departments, and hospital-based outpatient clinics—is unnecessary, amounting to 47 million prescriptions a year'. So this statement poses the question of why doctors are over-prescribing antibiotics to patients? This article mentions many reasons why they are over-prescribing antibiotics to patients. It has four main reasons: patient satisfaction and pleasure, time constraints, decision fatigue, uncertain diagnoses, and assuming that other doctors are the problem. The organization goes into great detail to describe each cause, emphasizing how vital it is to understand the underlying behavioral reasons that lead to incorrect antibiotic administration so that effective antibiotic stewardship may be developed. Then, using logos(chang logos), another research was conducted to demonstrate how knowing why doctors administer antibiotics needlessly might improve the program's success. 'Physicians whose offices displayed a "commitment poster" explaining their pledge to follow guidelines for appropriate antibiotic prescribing and why the drugs are not always needed had a 20% lower rate of inappropriate prescribing than those whose offices did not display a poster,' according to the study. This study backs up the organization's contention that knowing why doctors administer antibiotics erroneously can improve the program's efficacy.As a result, it is more dependable.
Furthermore, the organization adds after the post that this essay was written by David Hyun, M.D., who works on the antibiotics project and was a practicing physician at Children's National Medical Center, where he founded and co-chaired the antibiotic stewardship program. The website gave all of this information by providing a clickable link to learn more about the author in order to build trust between the reader and the author. Furthermore, the research was completed in 2017, making it a pretty recent study.(put it in the begining)
Citation:
Sharaf, N., Al-Jayyousi, G. F., Radwan, E., Shams Eldin, S. M. E., Hamdani, D., Al-Katheeri, H., Elawad, K., & Habib Sair, A. (2021). Barriers of Appropriate Antibiotic Prescription at PHCC in Qatar: Perspective of Physicians and Pharmacists. Antibiotics, 10(3), 317. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10030317
Summary:
This scholarly article talks about The NAP (National Action Plan to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)), Qatar's Ministry of Public Health prepared. Antimicrobial prescribing and usage is one of the primary elements determining AMR. The findings will aid in the development and testing of behavior modification interventions to maximize proper antibiotic prescription and usage, which will aid in implementing the antibiotic stewardship program.
Analysis:
This research is an academic piece; thus, it is trustworthy since it has been peer-reviewed numerous times. Furthermore, this post was created by more than three people, making it more trustworthy because more people from other departments contributed knowledge concerning the effects of antibiotic resistance and the fears that it is spreading. Furthermore, the article contains the names of the reputable departments that participated in this study to further demonstrate the academic paper's ethos. Department of Strategic Planning and Performance, Ministry of Public Health, Doha, Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Preventative Health—Health Protection, Primary Healthcare Corporation, Doha, and Operations—Clinical Operations, Primary Healthcare Doha are just a few examples. The fact that those departments and this study were done in Qatar, as well as all of the material acquired, lends credibility to them. Because the issue is antibiotic resistance in Qatar, thus making this source much more credible. To add to its legitimacy, this scientific work was released in 2021, making it relatively recent and up to date with its study.(combine) Because it is a research that depends on facts, figures, and numbers, this scientific piece has a lot of logos and little pathos. When asked about the AB prescription requirements in Qatar, for example, 'physicians (75 percent) stated that antibiotics are now required to be administered in both the public and private sectors; however, there are no limits on when to prescribe.' This statement demonstrates that antibiotics may be provided at any moment, even if they are not required, and this statement included figures from physicians who believe this.Additionally, the study conducted in this scholarly article will aid me in my arguments because it employs a large number of logos, which encourages the reader to believe the information presented.
Citation:
Bagnulo, A., Muñoz Sastre, MT., Kpanake, L. et al. Why patients want to take or refuse to take antibiotics: an inventory of motives. BMC Public Health 19, 441 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-6834-x
Summary:
This research essay explains why individuals insist on taking antibiotics even when they are not required to do so and whether there is any psychology behind why they are so reliant on antibiotics.
Analysis:
This study(change to scholarly) on why people persist in taking antibiotics is based on a scholastic(change to scholarly) piece published in 2019, making it a recent study that adds to its credibility. Furthermore, this study looked at why people take antibiotics or do not take antibiotics. It also incorporated logos that computed the outcomes of why patients insist on taking antibiotics, which added legitimacy to the study. The major two causes are when patients are convinced by their physicians that antibiotics would lessen their physical discomfort or when patients are reassured that using antibiotics will allow them to complete a task more swiftly.This scholarly study will aid me in my argument and answer to the topic of why individuals insist on taking antibiotics, and I will be able to integrate it into my argument because of the reliable data and outcomes provided by this study.
Citation:
(1) Aster DMH Qatar. (2019, November 19). Aster DMH Qatar - #LetsTalk | Antibiotic Resistance by Dr.... Facebook. Retrieved March 28, 2022, from https://www.facebook.com/AsterDMHQatar/posts/3409932759046840
(2) Doha News. (2014, May 19). Doha News on Twitter: "Qatar doctor: Antibiotic overuse spurring new drug-resistant bacteria http://t.co/DvyFLWRfJM http://t.co/LCcM3ojckX". Retrieved March 28, 2022, from https://mobile.twitter.com/dohanews/status/468379819328434176
(3) Doha news. (2015, August 13). Doha News on Twitter: "Doctors express concern over rising antibiotics resistance in Qatar http://t.co/CN6WfUauc9 http://t.co/w5l79AseOl". Retrieved March 28, 2022, from https://twitter.com/dohanews/status/631769078886088704
(4) Doha news. (2015, 8 13). Qatar's healthcare providers must do more to counter an increase in antibiotic resistance in the country, doctors at Hamad Medical Corp. (HMC) have said... Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/dohanews/posts/qatars-healthcare-providers-must-do-more-to-counter-an-increase-in-antibiotic-re/10153071262788683/
(2) Doha News. (2014, May 19). Doha News on Twitter: "Qatar doctor: Antibiotic overuse spurring new drug-resistant bacteria http://t.co/DvyFLWRfJM http://t.co/LCcM3ojckX". Retrieved March 28, 2022, from https://mobile.twitter.com/dohanews/status/468379819328434176
(3) Doha news. (2015, August 13). Doha News on Twitter: "Doctors express concern over rising antibiotics resistance in Qatar http://t.co/CN6WfUauc9 http://t.co/w5l79AseOl". Retrieved March 28, 2022, from https://twitter.com/dohanews/status/631769078886088704
(4) Doha news. (2015, 8 13). Qatar's healthcare providers must do more to counter an increase in antibiotic resistance in the country, doctors at Hamad Medical Corp. (HMC) have said... Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/dohanews/posts/qatars-healthcare-providers-must-do-more-to-counter-an-increase-in-antibiotic-re/10153071262788683/
Summary:
The thoughts of Qataris on antibiotic resistance are expressed in these social media posts. There are also instructive tweets and videos regarding antibiotic resistance to increase awareness about the situation.
Analysis:
The first video is a Facebook post intended to raise awareness about antibiotic resistance among Qataris. This post's ethos is demonstrated by the fact that this interview was conducted by Dr.Anoop Sinha, who is a Specialist Microbiologist and Infection Control Officer at Aster DM Healthcare in Qatar. This information strengthens the reliability and trustworthiness of the interview. Furthermore, we can see that the post has over 300 likes and more than 50 shares, as well as some positive comments like 'excellent' by Zakir and an emoji of a person applauding by Tirtha, which was put beneath the article. This demonstrates that individuals appreciated the interview and found it to be interesting. Furthermore, this post was published in late 2019, indicating that individuals are still concerned about this issue. The second and third posts were both about an article that was shared on Twitter about antibiotic overuse and how it is causing resistant bacteria, as well as doctors' concerns about the issue, but what made those posts unique was the response to that post, which was requesting a full report on the problem and how it is an issue that must be addressed. On the other hand, other responses were furious and snarky,(change to sarcastic) with one saying, "Well, when health clinics nationwide start handing them out like candy,, you'd expect something like this to happen." 'Duh!' said another. Should that come as a surprise? Worlds most incompetent doctors end up in Qatar. Give out Antibiotics for any small ailment!' These responses demonstrate how concerned individuals are about the issue and how outraged they are about the way antibiotics are administered. Many people responded to the last post, blaming physicians and expressing their ideas and experiences. 'Not surprising. Doctors dish it out like confetti,' as one commenter put it, and it received 11 likes. Another commenter gave their thoughts on the topic and their feelings regarding the article attached to the post. 'I love the line "... more education for doctors.." Sorry, but how did they (a) get to be a qualified physician in the first place - this is not a new issue anywhere in the world, and (b) how did they get hired by Hamad (or any private clinic for that matter)? I went to the clinic a few months ago, knowing my condition didn't require antibiotics but fully expecting to get a prescription for some (which I would not have filled). I was pleasantly surprised the physician did not prescribe antibiotics, and explained why - although I must say, she seemed a little nervous that I might be one of those patients who demand some anyways. That said, if you go to any physician here with a cold or bronchial infection, you get loaded up with mainly sugar cough syrup prescription and nothing that is efficacious for the problem - plus, if you're REALLY lucky, you get an unnecessary chest x-ray if they know you have insurance. The only decent doctor I have seen in Doha left, and even she couldn't prescribe the cream I needed for a skin condition as it was not available in Doha (and no, it wasn't on the banned list, just wasn't available and the authorities wouldn't allow it in for whatever reason.),'(summerize) as it was written. This tale demonstrates how little people trust today's physicians, as one remark stated that they were startled when the doctors did not prescribe antibiotics. Also, this statement revealed one of the main reasons why some doctors give out medicines: the doctor was nervous that the patient would demand antibiotics. This demonstrates that doctors are sometimes under pressure to prescribe antibiotics.(3 paragraphs)
Synthesis :
The majority of these publications discuss how peer pressure can lead to the administration or use of antibiotics, resulting in antibiotic resistance. For instance, doctors may be under pressure from patients, or patients may be under pressure from family members. I found various papers regarding this topic at the TAMU library and put them in my annotated bibliography. Because it had Logos such as helpful information, statistics, and research that I could use in my study, I may also use the sources that were mentioned in this article. I also came upon a news story concerning antibiotic resistance and its goal of educating people about the issue. This news story was useful in my study since it included comments and replies from people regarding how they felt about antibiotic resistance(how this news article helps me). Furthermore, I have included an organization that discusses why physicians prescribe antibiotics. This article was quite helpful in my study since it demonstrated the central problem of antibiotic resistance and assisted me with both my assertion and the opposing viewpoint. Finally, I have included more than one point of view on this topic, as well as how others reacted to the posts. These viewpoints aided me in determining how the people in Qatar reacted to the problem and whether it was a source of concern for them. In addition, I have discovered various anecdotes and experiences in these replies and comments that will aid me in my study and use as proof to support the reasons that I discovered in the scientific publications.(paragragh about what connects them and what doesnt)(second paragraph about what i have learned and how i can include it in my argument).